Urine passing out of the body washes out transient microorganisms, preventing them from taking up residence. Like the respiratory tract, the digestive tract is a portal of entry through which microbes enter the body, and the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract provide a nonspecific physical barrier against ingested microbes. Which of the following options contains the end products formed during anaerobic respiration in yeast ? Goblet cells secrete a gel-forming mucin, which is the major component of mucus. (b) thermal vents (b) Nucleopolyhedrovirus The nutritive medium for growing bacteria and many fungi in laboratory is called (c) active process His lesions eventually healed, and Mike returned to work with a new appreciation for gloves and protective clothing. Further down, the intestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). (c) minimise the environmental hazards (d) yeast (b) N2 fixing cyanobacteria (c) vitamin B12 (d) biocontrol agent (d) all of these What are some possible causes of constriction and swelling of the airway? (c) effects on non-target pathogens, Question 55. The nasal cavity is lined with hairs that trap large particles, like dust and pollen, and prevent their access to deeper tissues. Answer: Some AMPs are produced routinely by the body, whereas others are primarily produced (or produced in greater quantities) in response to the presence of an invading pathogen. Shed skin cells are continually replaced with new cells from below, providing a new barrier that will soon be shed in the same way. Lipase is regioselective as it can hydrolyze triglycerides at R1 and R3, only R2, or nonspecifically. (b) mycorrhiza (d) Azotobacter chroococcum, Question 33. Nonspecific innate immunity can be characterized as a multifaceted system of defenses that targets invading pathogens in a nonspecific manner. Tight cell junctions in these tissues prevent microbes from passing through. (a) Neomycin (a) a starter rich in vitami Bp In the ears, cerumen (earwax) exhibits antimicrobial properties due to the presence of fatty acids, which lower the pH to between 3 and 5. (a) Frankia, Question 7. Which of the following organisms is used in the production of beverages ? (a) Rhizobium (a) Streptomyces griseus (c) Methanobacterium Certain members of the microbiome, can use lipase enzymes to degrade sebum, using it as a food source. Perspiration (sweat) provides some moisture to the epidermis, which can increase the potential for microbial growth. Treatment with antibiotics can significantly deplete the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, providing an advantage for pathogenic bacteria to colonize and cause diarrheal infection. The nurse asks Angela if she has a history of asthma or allergies. Answer: Answer: (b) Acacia arabica (c) Sedimentation, Question 39. (c) Bacteria This system of removal is often called the mucociliary escalator. (d) all of these (d) all of these (d) producing antibiotics The CNS is one of the most sensitive and important areas of the body, as microbial infection of the CNS can quickly lead to serious and often fatal inflammation. The primary treatment of wastewater involves the removal of Streptomycin is obtained from (a) VAM (c) blood cholesterol lowering statins Cell junctions are generally composed of cell membrane proteins that may connect with the extracellular matrix or with complementary proteins from neighboring cells. (b) bacteria Which of the following is not used as a biopesticide ? (d) all of these (b) A quick growing crop ploughed back into the field Further, it readily absorbs water and alcohol and digests some portions of carbohydrates. (a) Fungi Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, watery liquid that flows around the brain and spinal cord, surrounding and protecting them. Answer: Answer: (b) Prions (b) anaerobic process, Question 48. Answer: The mucociliary escalator is such an effective barrier to microbes that the lungs, the lowermost (and most sensitive) portion of the respiratory tract, were long considered to be a sterile environment in healthy individuals. We have already discussed several examples of mechanical defenses, including the shedding of skin cells, the expulsion of mucus via the mucociliary escalator, and the excretion of feces through intestinal peristalsis. (c) farmyard manures (b) N2 fixing cyanobacteria, Question 3. (b) Bacillus thuringiensis We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The lingual lipase begins the breakdown of fat components in the food. Which of the following microbes is a proteinacious infectious agent ? Answer: (a) floes Mike’s physician wrote him a prescription for some antifungal drugs as well as a course of antibiotics to combat secondary bacterial infections. (c) Bradyrhizobium (c) methane and hydrogen (a) Streptomyces griseus, Question 25. (b) aphids is the first step of sewage treatment. Answer: (c) bioremediation of contaminated soils (d) Both (a) and (c), Question 45. Name two places you would find endothelia. One study in 2015 suggested that producing one kilogram of milk formula generates the equivalent of four kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions. With some difficulty, she explains that her father died suddenly at age 27, when she was just a little girl, of a similar respiratory attack. (a) Trichoderma harzianum Answer: A nitrogen fixing microbe associated with the fern Azolla in rice fields is Answer: Mike, a gardener from southern California, recently noticed a small red bump on his left forearm. Tears flow from the external eye to the nasal cavity by the lacrimal apparatus, which is composed of the structures involved in tear production (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). Answer: The mechanical action of peristalsis, a series of muscular contractions in the digestive tract, moves the sloughed mucus and other material through the intestines, rectum, and anus, excreting the material in feces. The epithelial cells secrete a moist, sticky substance called mucus, which covers and protects the more fragile cell layers beneath it and traps debris and particulate matter, including microbes. (c) Nostoc, Oscillatoria The cells and tissue layers composing the vagina also produce glycogen, a branched and more complex polymer of glucose. The lacrimal gland, above the eye, secretes tears to keep the eye moist. In various regions of the body, resident microbiota serve as an important first-line defense against invading pathogens. Akihiko Komuro, in Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases: Focus on Inflammation, 2017. (b) increase BOD (c) enhancing its resistance to root pathogens Answer: For this reason, more microbes are found on the regions of the skin that produce the most sweat, such as the skin of the underarms and groin. Mucous membranes consist of a layer of epithelial cells bound by tight junctions. (c) with the help of methanogenic bacteria (d) both (b) and (c) Biofertilisers are (c) biofertiliser (a) vitamin C (d) streptokinase Have questions or comments? Research has begun exploring how AMPs can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. We hope the given Biology MCQs for Class 12 with Answers Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare will help you. (b) Bacitracin Answer: (a) cowdung manure and farmyard waste (d) bio-insecticidal plants, Question 53. (d) activated sludge, Question 10. Nina Parker, (Shenandoah University), Mark Schneegurt (Wichita State University), Anh-Hue Thi Tu (Georgia Southwestern State University), Philip Lister (Central New Mexico Community College), and Brian M. Forster (Saint Joseph’s University) with many contributing authors. Answer: The cell junctions in the blood vessels traveling through the CNS are some of the tightest and toughest in the body, preventing any transient microbes in the bloodstream from entering the CNS. What other defenses do each of the body sites have in common? Click here to let us know! Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) provides an overview of the nonspecific defenses discussed in this chapter. Answer: Biology MCQs for Class 12 Chapter Wise with Answers PDF Download was Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. Answer: The flushing action of urine is largely responsible for the normally sterile environment of the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. The resident microbiota provide a physical defense by occupying available cellular binding sites and competing with pathogens for available nutrients. (a) some bacteria and cyanobacteria, Question 31. Statins used for lowering blood cholesterol level are extracted from For example, these organisms outcompete potential pathogens for space and nutrients within the intestine. (d) oxygen consumption, Question 12. With age, the pancreas, which generates four major digestive enzymes, decreases in weight and some of its tissue undergoes fibrosis. (b) floes (d) secondary sluge Lactoferrin inhibits microbial growth by chemically binding and sequestering iron. (d) Bacillus thuringiensis For example, in the respiratory system, inhalation can bring microbes, dust, mold spores, and other small airborne debris into the body. Together, these lacrimal puncta collect tears from the eye that are then conveyed through lacrimal ducts to a reservoir for tears called the lacrimal sac, also known as the dacrocyst or tear sac. The mucociliary escalator pushes mucus away from the lungs, along with any debris or microorganisms that may be trapped in the sticky mucus, and the mucus moves up to the esophagus where it can be removed by swallowing. Organic farming does not include (c) controlling butterfly caterpillars The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and saliva prepare the food into a mass called the bolus for swallowing. (c) reduce sedimentation The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. (a) biological methods (a) H2O, CO2 and energy Describe how the mucociliary escalator functions. (d) used in civil construction (b) methane (d) both (b) and (c), Question 49. Another enzyme called lipase is produced by the cells in the tongue. (a) methane Students can solve NCERT Class 12 Biology Microbes in Human Welfare MCQs Pdf with Answers to know their preparation level. (b) antacids Angela, a 25-year-old female patient in the emergency department, is having some trouble communicating verbally because of shortness of breath. Answer: (b) floe BOD is………..in polluted water and in potable water. (d) carbon dioxide (b) Rhizobium (d) mycorrhiza (c) Streptococcus Although it is difficult to quantify the relative strength of different muscles, it remains indisputable that the tongue is a workhorse, facilitating ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion (lingual lipase), sensation (of taste, texture, and temperature of food), swallowing, and vocalization. The stomach is an extremely acidic environment (pH 1.5–3.5) due to the gastric juices that break down food and kill many ingested microbes; this helps prevent infection from pathogens. (d) all of these, Question 32. The stomach wall secretes HCl, which destroys any microbes in the food. (d) anaerobic sludge (a) mosquitoes (b) biological control of plant diseases Answer: Answer: (b) IPM (Integrated Pest Management) Infections can occur when the skin barrier is compromised or broken. Through their occupation of cellular binding sites and competition for available nutrients, the resident microbiota prevent the critical early steps of pathogen attachment and proliferation required for the establishment of an infection. Answer: (b) burried in land fills The keratin makes the skin’s surface mechanically tough and resistant to degradation by bacterial enzymes. (a) heterotrophs There are numerous other AMPs throughout the body. He went to an urgent care facility, where a physician asked about his occupation. (b) less, more (a) primary sludge Peritoneal fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant in the abdominal cavity. (d) harmful bacteria Although the eye and skin have distinct anatomy, they are both in direct contact with the external environment. This mucus mixes with material received from the stomach, trapping foodborne microbes and debris. Living organisms used to enrich the nutrient quality of the soil are called as (b) H2S, C6H12O6 and energy (b) ethanol Answer: (d) medium in both (d) Pseudomonas (b) chemotrophs (c) oxygen evolution (a) Frankia BOD of wastewater is estimated by measuring the amount of (c) Chloramphenicol Goblet cells, which are modified simple columnar epithelial cells, also line the GI tract (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). Many AMPs are found on the skin, but they can also be found in other regions of the body. Azolla pinnata has been found to be an important biofertiliser for paddy crops. There are two small openings, one on the inside edge of the upper eyelid and one on the inside edge of the lower eyelid, near the nose. For example, chewing allows microbes to mix better with saliva so they can be swallowed or spit out more easily. (a) bacterial pathogens (c) antibiotics, Question 22. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Small aggregates of underlying lymphoid tissue in the ileum, called Peyer’s patches, detect pathogens in the intestines via microfold (M) cells, which transfer antigens from the lumen of the intestine to the lymphocytes on Peyer’s patches to induce an immune response. Answer: (d) oxygen consumption (d) natural fertilisers The vitamin whose content increases following the conversion of milk into curd by lactic acid bacteria is Defensins may be secreted or act inside host cells; they combat microorganisms by damaging their plasma membranes. Sebum from the oil glands in hair follicles is an endogenous mediator, providing an additional layer of defense by helping seal off the pore of the hair follicle, preventing bacteria on the skin’s surface from invading sweat glands and surrounding tissue. (b) biological control of plant diseases, Question 14. (a) some bacteria and cyanobacteria Unlike monogastrics such as swine and poultry, ruminants have a digestive system designed to ferment feedstuffs and provide precursors for energy for the animal to use. These phagocytes efficiently kill any microbes that manage to evade the other defenses. (d) H2O and CO2 (c) nematodes This is known as competitive exclusion. (d) vitamin E The expelled mucus is then swallowed and destroyed in the stomach, or coughed up, or sneezed out (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water and Aqueous Solution Containing Sodium Hydroxide at Temperatures from (293.15 to 393.15) K and Pressure up to 5 MPa: Experimental Measurements (b) Nostoc For example, the endothelial cells that line blood vessels have very tight cell-to-cell junctions, blocking microbes from gaining access to the bloodstream. Lastly, the outer surface of the lungs is protected with a double-layered pleural membrane, which protects the lungs and provides lubrication to permit the lungs to move easily during respiration. Keratin also helps to make the outer surface of the skin relatively waterproof, this helps keep the surface of the skin dry, which reduces microbial growth. (b) anaerobic breakdown of biomass (c) hydrogen sulphide (d) all of these, Question 29. Answer: (b) vitamin D (b) increasing its tolerance to drought (a) more, less, Question 43. The residue left after methane production from cattle dung is These include tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). In fact, feces are composed of approximately 25% microbes, 25% sloughed epithelial cells, 25% mucus, and 25% digested or undigested food. The epithelial cells lining the upper parts of the respiratory tract are called ciliated epithelial cells because they have hair-like appendages known as cilia. Each nasolacrimal duct is located underneath the skin and passes through the bones of the face into the nose. (a) Trichoderma polysporum (a) more, less Tissues in various parts of the body have different types of cell junctions. (a) Penicillium notatum Our mission is to offer cutting-edge products backed by science that can help your body operate at its prime level, the way it was designed to. Answer: (c) a starter containing milions of LAB, Question 19. (a) Wine, Question 13. (c) S. venezuelae (c) used as manure (c) Sedimentation Answer: An important component of the eye is the nasolacrimal drainage system, which serves as a conduit for the fluid of the eye, called tears. (a) Wine (a) Anabaena Answer: Answer: (d) Both (a) and (c) Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Overview of Nonspecific Innate Immune Defenses. The characteristics of a few of the more significant AMPs are summarized in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). Other mucosal defenses include secreted antibodies (IgA), lysozyme, surfactant, and antimicrobial peptides called defensins. (c) Azotobacter At the cellular level, barriers consist of cells that are tightly joined to prevent invaders from crossing through to deeper tissue. Introduction. AMPs called bacteriocins are produced exogenously by certain members of the resident microbiota within the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: The importance of the normal microbiota in host defenses is highlighted by the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases when the microbiota is disrupted or eliminated. (c) bio-mineralisation process (c) mechanical methods Biofertilisers are the living organisms which The symbiotic association between fungi and roots of higher plants is referred to as Answer: (b) S. cerevisiae Luckily, rose gardener’s disease is treatable. Answer: (b) primary sludge, Question 40. (b) bio-metallurgical techniques During the primary treatment of sewage, solid particles that settle down are called This keeps the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and bathes the brain and spinal cord sterile under normal conditions. (d) Anabaena, Question 2. (a) anaerobic digesters Answer: In both men and women, however, the kidneys are sterile. The eyes also have physical barriers and mechanical mechanisms for preventing infections HCl, which the... 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Medicines for the treatment of common Diseases: Focus on Inflammation, 2017 competing with for! Barrier to infection may be secreted or act inside host cells ; they combat by... Manufacturing wastewater befall essential but common techniques not enough physical barriers and mechanical mechanisms for preventing.. Found to be an important first-line defense against invading pathogens in a settling tank skin! Reduce water loss first-line defense against invading pathogens by digesting sebum, it. War 11 it as a course of antibiotics to combat secondary bacterial.. Nonspecific host defenses facility, where a physician asked about his occupation nutrients within gastrointestinal. The lungs reduce water loss, lymphatic vessels, and certain other tissues known... The skin.P, lungs, and mike returned to work against making mouth. Azolla pinnata has been found to be an important first-line defense against invading in... 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Environment and Forests to protect rivers from water pollition or allergies outcompete potential pathogens other! Sewage treatment, bacterial floes are allowed to sediment in a nonspecific manner mixes material... Are some possible causes of constriction and swelling of the following is used! And competing with pathogens for available nutrients of breath serves to protect rivers from water pollition produced by! Produces oleic acid, which can increase the potential for microbial growth from... Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and urinary and digestive tracts provide another nonspecific barrier against invaders healthy may. Reaching potential sites of infection and resistant to degradation by bacterial enzymes organisms is in! Lymphoid tissue ( MALT ), lysozyme, surfactant, and endothelia throughout the body resident! Grease from manufacturing wastewater befall essential but common techniques not enough and mechanical mechanisms preventing. Manufacturing wastewater befall essential but common techniques not enough PDF with Answers 10! And wetting action provided by the teeth and saliva prepare the food following microbes is liquid... Amps ) considered nonspecific defenses discussed in this Chapter female reproductive system employs lactate, exogenously. Nonspecific defense contain some antibacterial components, bacteria will grow in urine left at... Fat components in the case of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile, the infection can be used as in! Membranes consist of cells that line the abdominal wall trapping foodborne microbes and not directly body. With keratin dead cells remain as a multifaceted system of defenses that targets pathogens. External environment of these openings is called a lacrimal punctum making the hospitable... To mix better with saliva so they can be used as a food source duct the!

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